Saturday, October 25, 2014

Your Mother

Wow, what a weird, whirlwind weekend. First I sat down to read Freud's article on the Uncanny. He explains at length, through pages of dictionary definitions, that the German word for Uncanny ("Unheimlich") is supposedly synonymous, in some ways, with its opposite ("Heimlich")... which really just makes me think of the Heimlich maneuver. But the point of the article was to point out that the uncanny in literature really comes from that which was previously known (either from the history of mankind or from infancy) and has since been repressed. For example: It's not weird at all when, as children, we play with dolls and pretend that they are alive. Who else are you going to have tea-parties with, if not Barbie, Baby Newborn, and Mr. Bear? But as adults, after we understand fully that stuffed animals and human-like toys are NOT animate, the idea or inclination of their animacy becomes uncanny, and it freaks us out.

Talking tow-trucks, telepathy, and trippy-ness take totally tame territory from time to time: Anything impossible in our own reality might be possible, even expected, in an alternate reality. This is why, depending no the context of the plot, the uncanny and its opposite can be one in the same. In fairy-tales, we assume that certain things are going to happen that we would not expect from a novel that portrays what we interpret as "real life." For instance: If a tree reprimands Dorothy for picking its apples as she walks down down the yellow-brick road, it may be surprising, but not uncanny because of the fantastical context. On the other hand, if a tree says a polite hello to John Doe as he walks through Central Park, that's effed up, and our rational minds are forced to explain the action: Do we believe that trees can talk? That John has a special ability to communicate with trees? That he is insane? We don't know, and the possibility of irrational explanations makes this uncanny.

Finally, Fry focuses on further Freudian Forays into Fiction. We look at the novel as a story with a beginning, middle, and end. But if the beginning gives you a problem, and the end gives you a solution (or resolution), then why do we need the middle? We all like a page-turner, which usually results from lots of problems and suspense and worry. Why do we like that? Freud says that we all seek our own pleasure, and that “the aim of all life is death” --- that’s why we dig close calls and narrow escapes in fiction, and why trauma patients always come back to their traumatic experiences, at least from what I understand --- Because we want to become masters of death, and therefore relish the rehearsal of artfully avoiding it until the right time comes. I don’t know if I understand that whole idea, but I think I can get behind it…

Maybe mankind is masochistic, making the middle more morbid? That’s what I’m getting from Freud and Brooks in this chapter. This is what moves the plot of the story: the desire to Master death, which follows Freud’s pleasure principle: The delay of death, our conquering of death-defying or just plain scary situations, supposedly brings us pleasure. This is why we have plot, and why novels tend to be of a certain length and only give so much suspense: enough, but not too much. Am I getting this?

...Creepy concepts combined with the craziness of collective consciousness are quite curious to consider. It's uncanny!

Wednesday, October 22, 2014

Oh, the Digital Humanity!


Why, yes, I am a command-prompting computer wizard. Why, just look at my DATA! See all that Data over there? Yes. Mine. I did that. With... CODE MAGIC.

...or something.

Although this screenshot (in my opinion) makes me look like a computer wizard, the question it answers is fairly simple. I set out to find a program that could tell me which words within the text of Gogol's Dead Souls occurred most frequently in each chapter. This is called "Topic Modelling," looking at word-frequency to build a set of topic words for different sections of text (in this case, chapters of a book). The program I found was called "Mallet," which seemed the most likely to get the job done.


The biggest problem that I encountered (which I encountered with various DH programs and tools that I tried out, mainly Voyant and Tagxedo) was in working with Russian text. Cyrillic characters can be a problem, of course, but the structure of Russian words makes them harder to map (even if the program can process Cyrillic). Because the Russian grammatical system works by changing the endings of words, most programs won't recognize two words as identical if they are used in different grammatical constructions. The word девушка, for instance, means "girl," but can be written as девушка, девушку, девушкой, девушке, or девушки depending on the grammatical context. although these are all the same word, a program that analyzes words as entire units won't see it that way, and my data becomes useless.

So, is there a solution? For those of you who speak Russian and read Cyrillic, you will notice in the top left-hand side of my screen shot is some unintelligible text --- this is a modified version of Gogol's Dead Souls, from which I attempted to remove all of the grammatical endings. Although this seemed like a good idea, it did not solve the problem of stop-words. Of course, the list of stop-words in all of the programs I worked with were English, which did me no good when working with a Russian text. After scrubbing the text clean of endings and finding lists of Russian stop-words to add to my program (the series of folders in the upper right-hand corner) via the command prompt (lower right-hand corner), I came up with a messy pile of word-pieces that hardly represented the data that I was looking for.

But was time wasted? Definitely not. The squeaky-clean version of my Russian text came in handy for making word-clouds, just to see which words showed up most often within the entire novel. Interesting to see, and potentially useful, but not exactly what I was going for --- I wanted chapter-by-chapter division. After getting the hang of the Mallet program and some basic command-prompting, I just entered a full English translation of the text to be Topic-mapped, and the results are the lists of English words that take up most of my screen-shot. I had expected to see some food-related words up there, and was happy to see that "sturgeon," "dish," and "egg" made the cut, but I wasn't blown away by the results as a whole. It was cool to try topic-mapping, and I think this could definitely be useful once I get a better idea of what this program is capable of.

In the meantime, I'll stick to what I know. With regard to the Russian text, and finding instances of food-vocabulary, I took 2 minutes and came up with the gallery of images below. I literally just hit Ctrl+f to find where in the Russian text I could find different food-related words like bread, fish, sturgeon, sugar, pastry... AND (is it just my computer that is this awesome, or is it google chrome, or what?) when I search that way, a little side-bar shows up that highlights where exactly in the text each example is found, and i can see the distribution in little yellow highlights. This is just an example of how DH-applicable extras have already been integrated into systems that we use all the time. Sad to say, but I think this was more interesting/useful/relevant than the hours I spent learning how to code and topic-map... but I will not be discouraged.


Conclusion: "Screwing around" with a DH tool is all good and well, if you just want to learn the capabilities of that tool and see how it MIGHT be applicable to your research. All of the tools I tried were fun, interesting, and could have potential use in my project, or future projects. If you already know what you're looking for, however, finding the right DH tool can be a problem... but it doesn't have to be as complicated as you think!

#DH4lyfe

Tuesday, October 21, 2014

Deconstructing Derrida with Paul Fry

TEXT
a text in one text

Scene: Sarah Chao enters stage right, sits down at her desk and opens her laptop, humming to herself. She carefully takes a few books out of her backpack, sets them on the desk beside her open computer, and, looking satisfied at their placement, looks back another computer screen with adetermined sigh. She begins to read.

Sarah: (reading) Jacques Derrida’s “Signature Event Context...” Hmm… (pause) "Structure, Sign, and Play." (pause) um… okay…

Marquis: FORTY MINUTES LATER… 

Sarah: (still reading) (with frustration and angst) Er…. Uh… (throwing her hands in the air) What?? (puts a hand to her forehead in despair) How can anyone make sense of this?

Paul H. Fry: (swooping in from stage left and landing softly, gracefully, as if a superhero arriving to save a damsel in distress) What seems to be the trouble, Ma’am?

Sarah: (shocked) Oh, Fry, it’s you! What are you doing here? You’ve never come to my rescue before!

Fry: (Straightening his shoulders, fists on hips, elbows bent and gazing off into the distance like Superman) Well, I heard that you have "found Derrida very difficult" (125)* and I have come to your assistance!

Sarah: (standing up, looking skeptical) Oh… Well, how can you help? Can you explain it? What does it all mean?

Fry: (looking down, smiling) Well, Sarah, (chuckling) what do you think of Derrida?

Sarah: (unimpressed, scratching her head) Uh, well, I think he’s a troll, and more specifically I think he wants to crush my dreams about structuralism. 

Fry: (knowingly) I don’t think you’re far off, there. While Derrida may be “one of the most formidable and influential figures in our reading” (123), he is also kind of a… (pauses)

Sarah: …A jerk?

Fry: (furrowing his brow) You said it, not me.

Sarah: (smiling, now) I sure did. (crossing her arms) I mean, what I’m getting out of all of this is that Derrida stole Levi-Strauss’s thunder by simultaneously supporting his arguments and ripping them apart, and consequentially replacing the structuralism-hype of the times with this deconstructionism mumbo-jumbo, which makes the poem I wrote a couple weeks ago seem WAY less cool.

Fry: (really frowning now)(steps forward, rubbing his chin) I mean, if you think about it, your poem took some steps toward this analysis as well: “signifier signified by signified,, signified signified by signifier,” right? Which, according to Derrida, is as messy as you make it seem in your alliteration. A signifier is signified by a multitude of other signifiers, and they bleed together endlessly.

Sarah: (wrinkling her nose) …Is that a problem?

Fry: Well, that chain is troublesome, since it eliminates the concept of one signifier relating to one signified and vice-versa.

Sarah: (frowning) Oh. Okay. Well… Umm…

Fry: (concerned) Sarah, you seem stressed. Isn’t it late? Don’t you think it’s time to go to bed? We can talk more about Deconstruction in the next chapter, with a little less Derrida.

Sarah: (looking at the clock on the wall) Oh no, I’ve got so much other work to do! SO much WRITING!

Fry: (putting his hand on Sarah’s shoulder) It’s okay. Get some sleep. But before you go, I have to tell you: This conversation never happened.

Sarah: (confused) Wait… you mean, I’m dreaming?

Fry: (shaking his head) Oh no, you’re not dreaming. But this, all of it, (gestures to everything around: The clock, the desk, the computer, and all of the other words on this page) this is all just ...TEXT.

fin.